Souphanouvong University Journal Multidisciplinary Research and Development
The Impact of Fiscal Changes on the Economic Growth of the Lao PDR
This study analyses the impact of fiscal reforms on economic growth in Laos during the period 2001-2024. To examine both the scale and sustainability of fiscal policy, the analysis draws on annual time-series data from the World Bank's world development indicators, focusing on two main fiscal measures: real government expenditure (RGE) and primary balance (PB). The study applies OLS regression to investigate quantitative associations between fiscal variables and GDP growth, complemented with Granger causality tests for determining the causation. The empirical results reveal that real government spending has a positive but statistically insignificant effect on economic growth and it suggests that ‘size does not matter’ for growth in the absence of efficient and allocative effectiveness. On the other hand, the primary balance has positive and significant impact, it implied that thriftiness as well as maintaining low leverages are important for long-term growth. Based on Granger causality tests, two-way causality between government spending and economic growth is confirmed in accordance with the Keynesian and Wagnerian views. This implies that in Lao PDR, fiscal policy has been focused more on growth and stabilizing the economy. The results reveal the need for a more rules-based fiscal framework to bring more stability and effectiveness. Policy recommendations include streamlining spending, raising money the government gets from its own citizens, concentrating on public investments that will pay off in the long-run and ensuring that public finances are managed transparently and accountably.
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Effect of Differente Manmres Supplemen on the Grey Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotussajor-caju(Fr)Sjngers) Cultivation
The objective of this study was to determine the most suitable type of manure for the growth and yield of Grey Oyster mushrooms and to evaluate their economic viability. The experiment was conducted at the mushroom cultivation house of the Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Forest Resources, Souphanouvong University, from December 20, 2021, to April 20, 2022 (a 4-month duration). The experimental design followed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) consisting of 4 treatments and 4 replications, with 40 bags per treatment. The treatments included: T1 (Control formula from Souphanouvong University), T2 (Poultry manure), T3 (Cattle manure), and T4 (Pig manure). The results indicated that all treatments showed statistically significant differences at a 95% confidence level(P < 0.05). Treatment T1 (Control) achieved the highest yield, with an average weight of 226.85 g/bag, 14.62 flowers/bag, a cap width of 6.12 cm, a stalk length of 5.23 cm, a stalk circumference of 3.19 cm, and an individual flower weight of 16.29 g. This was followed by T2, T3, and T4, respectively. However, from an economic perspective, T2 provided the highest economic return, yielding a marginal net benefit of 88,799 Kip per 50 bags. In conclusion, while the standard formula (T1) produced the highest biological yield due to its complete nutrient profile, the use of T2 as a supplement in Oyster mushroom cultivation is the most effective for increasing economic efficiency and profitability for producers.
Inflation Dynamics and Long-Run External Shocks in a Highly Import-Dependent Economy: Evidence from Laos Using VAR/VECM
This study analyzes the determinants of inflation in Laos, focusing on the roles of the exchange rate, import values, and dollarization. A Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) is employed to examine both long-run and short-run relationships. The results show that exchange-rate movements have a strong long-run impact on consumer prices: a 1% depreciation of the LAK leads to an approximate 1.10% increase in prices. Rising import values also exert upward pressure on inflation, while greater dollarization helps mitigate price pressures over time. In the short run, most variables are not statistically significant, although the system converges to its long-run equilibrium at a speed of 27.6% per quarter. Impulse Response Function (IRF) results indicate that exchange rate and import shocks generate persistent upward pressure on prices over a 12-quarter horizon, whereas dollarization has only a limited effect. Forecast Error Variance Decomposition (FEVD) shows that external factors-particularly the exchange rate and import values-account for approximately 70% of inflation fluctuations in the medium to long run. Overall, the findings suggest that external factors are the dominant drivers of inflation dynamics in Laos. While short-run effects remain limited, these results provide important policy implications for maintaining price stability in a highly import-dependent economy.
The Motivation for Learning English Among Second and Third Year Students at Souphanouvong University
This study aimed to investigate the level of motivation in learning English among second- and third-year students at Souphanouvong University, focusing on both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The sample consisted of 228 students from various faculties. A questionnaire was used as the primary instrument for data collection. The collected data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. The findings revealed that, overall, the students demonstrated a high level of motivation in learning English (????̅ = 4.00, SD = .88). Extrinsic motivation showed a higher mean score than intrinsic motivation, with mean scores of 4.16 (SD = .87) and 3.84 (SD = .89), respectively. These results indicate that students were mainly motivated by external factors, such as obtaining better job opportunities, pursuing higher education, and communicating with foreigners. Regarding intrinsic motivation, the highest-rated factor was self-improvement (????̅ = 4.08, SD = .82), followed by confidence in using English (????̅ = 3.99, SD = .87) and enjoyment of learning English (????̅ = 3.75, SD = .89). For extrinsic motivation, the highest-rated factor was using English to obtain a good job (????̅ = 4.35, SD = .80), followed by future job applications (????̅ = 4.22, SD = .84) and opportunities for studying abroad (????̅ = 4.21, SD = .93). In contrast, learning English primarily for achieving good examination scores received the lowest mean score (????̅ = 3.80, SD = .92), although it remained at a high level. In conclusion, second and third-year students at Souphanouvong University demonstrated a high level of motivation in learning English. Career advancement, further education, and practical use of English in real-life situations were identified as the key motivating factors encouraging students to improve their English language skills in order to achieve their academic and professional goals in the future.
Developing English Vocabulary Reading Skills Using Phonics Teaching Method at Alounsavath School Luang Prabang District, Luang Prabang Province
Accurate pronunciation of English vocabulary is considered one of the most essential aspects of second language learning, as it serves as the foundation for the development of reading skills. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the level of students’ ability in pronouncing English words correctly through the use of the Phonics Method. The sample group consisted of 44 grade 5 students from Alounsavath Primary School, Luang Prabang District, Luang Prabang Province, during the academic year 2025–2026. The research tools included 7 instructional lessons and a reading pronunciation ability test composed of 7 subtests, each containing 5 items. The results found that 1) The students demonstrated a high level of ability in pronouncing English words after participating in the learning activities that applied the Phonics Method, Overall, their pronunciation ability was rated at a high level, with a mean score of ( = 3.06, SD) = 0.28; 2) When considering each aspect individually, it was found that the students demonstrated the highest level of ability in identifying the sounds in words, with a mean score ( = 3.38, SD = 0.27). The second highest level was in learning the letter information, with a mean score ( = 3.26, SD = 0.42). The aspect with the lowest mean score was blending, with a mean score ( = 2.75, SD =1.05); 3) When analyzing the results of the 7 subtests, the mean scores were as follows: Sub-test 1: ( = 2.81), Sub-test 2: ( = 2.91, SD =), Sub-test 3: ( = 3.00), Sub-test 4: ( = 2.86, SD =), Sub-test 5: ( = 3.22, SD =0.44), Sub-test 6: ( = 3.31, SD =) and Sub-test 7: ( = 3.37, SD =). These results indicate a steady improvement in students’ pronunciation ability across the 7 lessons, suggesting that the Phonics Method contributed positively to their learning progress. The study’s result demonstrate that students made noticeable progress in developing their ability to pronounce English words accurately.
Guidelines for Tax Collection Development of Luang Prabang Province
Tax revenue collection to fully meet targets remains a major issue and a significant challenge for the Lao PDR. Therefore, this study aims to examine the opinions of service users regarding tax collection and explore approaches for improving tax revenue collection in the jurisdiction of Luang Prabang Province. This study used questionnaires as a tool to collect data from taxpayers receiving services in Luang Prabang Province, with a sample group of 224 respondents. The data were analyzed using the SPSS program version 2025 to analyse ( ) and standard deviation (SD). The results of the study indicate that tax collection and its development in Luang Prabang Province should be improved in several areas, including service quality, service equipment, modern technology, staff knowledge and capacity, public information dissemination, development of applications for online tax payment channels, expansion of tax payment service points, and the implementation of a one-stop banking system for tax payments.
Monetary Policy, Credit Conditions, and Dollarization under Nonlinear Inflation Dynamics: Evidence from Laos using NARDL
The evidence on the transmission of monetary policy is still limited, particularly in terms of nonlinear effects, despite the high dollarization and structural weaknesses in the financial system of Lao PDR. This study fills this gap by examining whether policy rate changes have asymmetric impacts on inflation in this dollarized economy. We employ a Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model to investigate the impact of policy rate fluctuations on inflation from 1992 to 2024. Credit conditions, aggregate demand, and dollarization are all considered. Three primary discoveries are identified. Initially, long-term inflation is influenced by structural factors namely, dollarization, aggregate demand, and credit conditions rather than interest rate channels. Secondly, policy rate increases have a modest positive effect (0.0308, p < 0.10), whereas rate reductions have no significant impact. Third, Wald tests verify the long-term asymmetry in monetary transmission. These findings suggest that price stability cannot be achieved solely through interest rate adjustments in highly dollarized economies such as Laos. An expanded framework that encompasses de-dollarization, credit regulation, exchange rate stabilization, and liquidity management is required.
Legal Inforcement for Highway Management in Lao PDR: A case Study of Highway Management from Vientiane Capital to Vangvieng District Viantiane Province
The objectives of this study are to: 1) investigate the management status of the expressway from Vientiane Capital to Vangvieng District, Vientiane Province; 2) assess drivers' awareness of the regulations on expressway management in the Lao PDR; and 3) determine guidelines for the sustainable management of the Vientiane Capital to Vangvieng District expressway. Data were collected using structured interviews and 385 survey questionnaires, and analyzed using the SPSS software (version 26). The findings revealed that: Regarding the expressway management status, the decentralization of management is not yet aligned with the actual environment, vehicles using the expressway do not consistently meet the specified technical standards, traffic regulation enforcement on the expressway remains lax, and the participation of relevant sectors and the public in preserving the expressway is still limited, leading to various negative issues. As for drivers' awareness of the expressway management regulations, the overall awareness was at a low level (=2.26 and SD=0.76 ), which includes the following aspects: awareness of the mode of expressway management is moderately aware (=2.63 and SD=1.02), followed by awareness of toll collection, rights and obligations of expressway operators are at a low level (=2.45 and SD=0.78), Secondly, the awareness of the overall principles of expressway management was low (=2.18 and SD=0.73), while the awareness of the prohibitions in expressway management was low (=2.08 and SD=0.66) and the awareness of the regulations on the use of expressways was also at a low level (=1.94 and SD=0.63). Therefore, the expressway management guidelines to ensure sustainability by reviewing the implementation of expressway management regulations in line with the current situation in Singapore, developing the mode of dissemination of expressway regulations to keep up with the era of online social media, and opening up to all sectors and citizens to participate more in expressway management.
Opinion of the People on the Ferry Service in Luang Prabang District, Luang Prabang
This study aims to 1) examine the behavior of people who use ferry crossing services in Luang Prabang City, 2) investigate the level of public opinions toward the use of ferry crossing services in Luang Prabang City, Luang Prabang Province, 2) and compare public opinions regarding the use of ferry crossing services in Luang Prabang City, Luang Prabang Province, classified by personal factors. This research adopts a quantitative research approach and employs a survey method with a sample of 410 respondents. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics as frequency, percentage (%), mean ( ), and standard deviation (SD) and inferential statistics, including the Independent-Samples t-test and One-Way ANOVA. The research findings revealed that 1) Regarding user behavior, most users of the ferry crossing service in Luang Prabang City, Luang Prabang Province, reported using the service more than four times, with daily usage being common. The majority spent no more than approximately 10 minutes traveling from their homes, workplaces, or other locations to access the service. The peak periods of service use were 08:01–12:00 and 06:01–08:00, and the primary purposes for using the ferry crossing service were commuting to work and attending school; 2) With respect to public opinions, users of the ferry crossing service in Luang Prabang City, Luang Prabang Province, demonstrated an overall very high level of positive opinion toward the service; 3) The comparison of public opinions toward the use of the ferry crossing service, classified by personal factors, indicated that age, occupation, and educational level were the only factors showing statistically significant differences in opinion levels regarding service use. These differences were significant at the 0.05 level (p < 0.05).
Impacts of Water Runoff during Heavy Rainfall in the HouayKhan Catchment, XiengNgeun District
This study aimed to analyze the relationship between rainfall, streamflow, and changes in physical (SSL, Turbidity, Temperature) and biological (E. coli) water quality in XaingNgeun District, Luang Prabang Province. Data collection was conducted using an automated monitoring system, including a CR800 Datalogger and an ISCO automated water sampler, to monitor three distinct conditions: low intensity rainfall (20 mm/h), moderate rain (40-80 mm/h), and heavy rain (150 mm/h). The results indicate that rainfall is the primary driver significantly controlling water quality fluctuations (p < 0.0001). During heavy rain events, streamflow increased rapidly to 80 m³/s, causing turbidity to exceed 3,500 NTU and Suspended Sediment Load (SSL) to peak at 60 g/l due to intense soil erosion in steep terrain. Biologically, E. coli contamination increased substantially, with mean concentrations exceeding 30,000 MPN/100 ml and occasionally reaching 100,000 MPN/100 ml during the " effect " period. Additionally, rainfall events triggered a sudden decrease in water temperature and reduced Electrical Conductivity (EC) due to the dilution effect of rainwater. The study confirms that suspended sediments act as a major carrier for pathogens entering the waterway. These findings highlight the public health risks for communities relying on surface water during the rainy season. This data provides a crucial foundation for sustainable water and land management planning, flash flood forecasting, the design of water treatment systems, and the development of public health warning systems for downstream communities in the Nam Khan stream.
Analysis of the Relationship Between Budget Revenue and Economic Growth of Luang Namtha Province
This study aims to analysis the relationship between budget revenue and economic growth of Luang Namtha province, which has been collected time series data from 2011-2024, focusing the analysis for relationship as long-run correlation with Johansen's cointegretion method, short-run correlation with Vectors Error Correction Model and cause correlation with granger causality. The results of research: The long-run correlation shows that the coefficient is positive and rejected null hypothesis () with a statistical significance level of 0.01, which means that budget revenue (R) and economic growth of Luang Namtha province (GDP) have a positive long-run relationship. When budget revenue increases, it will effect on the long-run on economic growth of Luang Namtha province increases. On the contrary, if budget revenue decreases, it will affect to the long-term economic growth of Luang Namtha province decreases with a confidence level of 99%. The short-run correlation is show that for the GDP is dependence variable, it is accepted null hypothesis () with statistical significant level of 0.1 and coefficient is a negative value, this show that the economic growth of Luang Namtha province and budget revenue are related in the short run. For budget revenue (R) is dependence variable show that it is not related in the short-run. Because, the value of coefficient is positive and accepted null hypothesis (). The results of the causality test between budget revenue (R) and economic growth of Luang Namtha province (GDP) show that the R does not granger cause GDP, there are accepted null hypothesis this means that R does not Cause GDP. For the case GDP does not granger cause R, there are rejected null hypothesis with a significance level of 0.05, which means that budget revenue has granger cause on the economic growth of the Luang Namtha province.
The Effect of Infrastructure Development and Government Expenditures in Social Services to Poverty Reduction of Lao PDR
Poverty problem is still challenging for Lao PDR’s development, the objective of this study is to analyze the role of infrastructure and government spending in social services (education and health care) on poverty reduction during 2006-2024. Based on the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag approach, we examine both the short and long run relationships linking total road length, spending on education and health by government, and poverty (proxied by people with IWI under 50%). The findings reveal robust long-run cointegration relationships among the variables, thus verifying heterogeneity in infrastructure and social outlay jointly determining poverty reduction. The results imply that the long-run effect of infrastructure development on poverty is significantly negative, indicating road network improvement increases market access, economic welfare and quality of life. Education spending also has the expected negative sign, being statistically non-significant; showing that its poverty reducing benefits are a long-term process via human capital accumulation. On the other hand, health expenditure is positively associated with poverty in short-term, which might be indicating temporary reallocation of fiscal resources during crisis (e.g., COVID-19). All diagnostic tests verify that the model is stable, normally distributed and does not have serial correlation or heteroskedasticity, which ensures the validity of test results. Overall, the study argues that continued investment in infrastructure and welfare-enhancing social allocations will be crucial to generate inclusive and sustainable poverty reduction in Lao PDR. Policy implications underscore the importance of good fiscal management, improving education and healthcare quality, and maintenance on existing infrastructure to achieve efficient development. The findings enrich empirical support for combining infrastructure-led and human capital development approaches in poverty alleviation strategies
Assessment of Forest Cover Changes in the Xe Pian National Park Using Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing Technologies
Xe Pian National Park in southern Lao PDR is an internationally important biodiversity hotspot; however, it has experienced increasing pressure from agricultural expansion, logging activities, and land encroachment. The absence of systematic and up-to-date spatial monitoring data has limited effective management and conservation planning. This study aims to (1) quantify forest cover changes during 2015, 2020, and 2025 using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing techniques; (2) analyze land use and land cover (LULC) change patterns and their driving factors, particularly in relation to encroachment and enforcement of protected area regulations; and (3) provide a scientific baseline to support sustainable forest management and policy development. LULC classification was conducted using Landsat-8 OLI and Sentinel-2 imagery with a Random Forest (RF) algorithm. The classification achieved high accuracy, with Overall Accuracy ≥ 86% and Kappa Coefficient ≥ 0.83. The results indicate a continuous decline in forest cover from 236,176.24 ha in 2015 to 216,014.70 ha in 2020, and further to 204,162.01 ha in 2025, representing a total loss of 32,014.23 ha (13.56%) over ten years. Spatial analysis revealed that agricultural land increased by 231.95% and grassland by 147.05%, largely within protected areas, indicating weak enforcement of conservation regulations. Trend projection suggests that if current deforestation rates continue, an additional 11,853 ha of forest may be lost by 2030. This would significantly threaten ecosystem integrity and biodiversity conservation in the park. The findings provide essential scientific evidence for improving land use planning, strengthening enforcement mechanisms, and establishing continuous monitoring systems for long-term sustainable management of Xe Pian National Park.
Factors Affecting Tax Collection in Luang Prabang Province
This study is a quantitative research that examines the relationship between international trade and tax revenue in Luang Prabang Province, Lao PDR. The study used secondary annual data from 2011 to 2024, collected from relevant government agencies, including provincial tax and trade authorities. The research aimed to analyze the short-run effects of exports and imports on tax revenue; To examine the long-run relationship between trade variables and tax revenue; and to assess the speed of adjustment toward long-run equilibrium following short-term economic shocks. To achieve these objectives, the study employs econometric techniques, including unit root tests, cointegration analysis, and an error correction model (ECM). The results show that imports have a significant positive effect on tax revenue in the short run, while exports do not exhibit a significant short-run impact. In the long run, exports are found to have a positive and significant relationship with tax revenue, whereas imports do not show a significant long-run effect. In addition, the ECM results indicate a slow adjustment toward long-run equilibrium. Overall, the findings suggest that imports play an important role in short-term revenue generation, while exports are a key driver of long-term tax revenue growth. These results provide useful implications for policymakers in designing trade and fiscal policies to support sustainable economic development in Luang Prabang Province.
Factors Affecting Lao PDR's Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 2) of Achieving Food Security
The purpose of this study were:1) to investigate the proportion of the population experiencing hunger in the Lao PDR, and 2) to analyze the factors affecting Lao PDR's Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG 2) of achieving food security The study draws on annual data from the World Bank and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations for the years 2001 to 2024 The EViews 9 program was used to determine the correlation between independent variables and to estimate the multiple regression equations via the Least Squares method The result found that: 1) The proportion of the population experiencing hunger in the Lao PDR showed a continuous downward trend from 2001 to 2024 However, this figure increased during the pandemic era, with the COVID-19 outbreak serving as a primary driver of this trend. 2) Factors affecting Lao PDR's Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG 2) of achieving food security with statistical significance at 0.1 level, consist of five factors, such as: agriculture share of total government expenditure, agricultural land, total official flows (disbursements) for agriculture, population growth, and the proportion of population suffering from hunger in last year. The equation of predictive power was at 98.88 % points.
Factors Affecting the Change in Cassava Prices of Farmers in Nan District, Luang Prabang Province
This research aims to study 1) the production, distribution of cassava among farmers in Nan District, Luang Prabang Province, and 2) the factors affecting the price changes of cassava among farmers in Nan District, Luang Prabang Province. This study used a quantitative research method using a questionnaire with closed and open ends; the target group of the research was 267 households of farmers who produce cassava in Nan District. Descriptive statistics, including frequency values and percentages, and inferential statistics, including multivariate regression with the least squares method, were used to analyze the data using the statistical analysis program SPSS version 27. The study found that: 1) The production conditions of farmers in Nan District, Luang Prabang Province, choose to grow cassava because cassava can be easily grown and maintained, produces a lot of yield, and has a market for it. They learned about cassava cultivation from neighbors, from cassava growers' groups, and from online and have been growing cassava for 2 years. In an area of ​​between 1-3 hectares, the average annual planting cost is about 10,000,000 kip, and the yield is more than 20 tons/year; for distribution and price changes, most of the cassava is sold as raw cassava, which is sold at a price of 800 - 2000 kip/kg. Most of the cassava is sold to factories or companies and middlemen; the rest is sold by itself at the market. 2) Factors affecting cassava prices There were 7 factors: cassava cultivation costs, cassava distribution costs, cassava product quality, market demand, and government policies, which resulted in the increase of cassava prices for farmers by 1.429%, 0.285%, 0.447%, 1.790%, and 1.170%, respectively; while cassava production volume and market supply resulted in the decrease of cassava prices for farmers by 0.126% and 1.572%, with a statistical significance level of 0.01.
The Economic Factors Affecting to Lao Stock Exchange Index
This research on economic factors affecting the Lao Stock Exchange Index aims to: 1) identify economic factors affecting the Lao Stock Exchange Index in the long term and 2) identify economic factors affecting the Lao Stock Exchange Index in the short term. By using the collected data, analyzing it with inferential statistics to find the parameters of the regression equation through the long-term relationship model (Co-integration) using the Johansen and Juselius method, and analyzing the short-term equilibrium relationship (Error Correction Model: ECM) of the economic factors affecting the Lao Stock Exchange Index using the E-views 10 program. The results of the research found that: the correlation coefficient in the form of a correlation matrix of the independent variable with the independent variable has a correlation coefficient value of 45%, which shows that the correlation coefficient does not exceed 80%, indicating that there is no serious multi collinearity problem in the model. Therefore, through the examination of the properties of the model, it was also found that the decision coefficient R-squared = 0.5251, which means that the independent variables, namely the exchange rate fluctuation and the change in the consumer price index, can explain the long-term change in the Lao Stock Exchange Index by up to 52.51%. Therefore, the model for analyzing economic factors affecting the Lao Stock Exchange Index is applicable and depends on at least 1 factor. In addition, by using this data to test the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable in the short run (adjustment from the short-run equilibrium to the long-run equilibrium), ECM (-1) found that the model for analyzing economic factors that affect the Lao Stock Exchange index in the short run is applicable and depends on at least one of the identified factors.
The Causality Between Remittances, Debt Services and Economic Growth of Lao PDR
This study to determine the causal direction among remittances, debt service, and economic growth using the Granger causality test within the Vector Autoregression (VAR) model framework. It uses time-series data from 2000 to 2024, which are taken from the World Development Indicators (WDI) of the World Bank and the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Country Profile databases. The empirical analysis shows that, in the growth equation, past economic growth ((Growth t-1) has a statistically significant positive effect at the 0.01 level, with a coefficient of 0.6415, indicating growth persistence. Conversely, past remittances (REM t-1) have a statistically significant negative effect at the 0.05 level with a coefficient of -0.8277, and past debt servicing (DS t-1) also has a statistically significant negative effect at the 0.01 level on growth. In the remittance equation, (REMt-1) shows a strong positive significance with a coefficient of 0.8695, while and are statistically insignificant. In the debt servicing equation. exerts a statistically significant positive influence at the 0.01 level, with a coefficient of 0.7732, while (REM t-1) and (Growth t-1) remain insignificant​. The Granger causality test indicates that both remittances and external debt servicing have causal relationships with economic growth, but there is no evidence supporting causality in the opposite direction. This implies a unidirectional causality, where external financial flows (remittances and debt servicing) influence economic growth, but not the reverse – from growth to remittances or debt servicing.
Factors Affecting the Intention to International Course in Business Administration Programs, Savannakhet University
This research aims to: 1) determine the level of intention to the International Course in Business Administration program at the Faculty of Business Administration, Savannakhet University; and 2) identify factors affecting this intent at the Faculty of Business Administration, Savannakhet University. The researcher used cross-sectional data collected from a sample of 1,126 people. in Kaysone Phomvihane City, Uthoumphone District, Atsaphangthong and Songkhon. Statistical analyses included the mean, standard deviation, and a two-option economic logit model. The findings indicate that demand for the international business administration program is high, with a mean score of 3.76 (S.D. = 0.59). Factors influencing the desire for admission include the father's and mother's occupations, career expectations after graduation, social status, and the institution's image.
The Effect of Money Supply and Inflation on the Economic Growth of Lao PDR
The study was conducted under topic the Effect of Money Supply and Inflation on the Economic Growth of Lao PDR. The objective of the study was to examine the effects of money supply (M2) and inflation (INF) on the economic growth of Lao PDR using annual time-series data from 1991 to 2023, covering a period of 33 years. Data was sourced from the Bank of the Lao PDR and the National Statistics Center. The analysis employed the STATA program as a tool to test the relationships between variables using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Additionally, the study included Impulse Response Function (IRF) analysis and stability testing of the model using the CUSUM and CUSUMSQ methods. The results of the short-term and long-term relationships among variables using the VECM revealed that the economic growth rate of Lao PDR is significantly related to the growth rate of money supply (M2) and inflation (INF) in an inverse direction. This finding aligns with the established hypotheses Specifically, 1% increase in the growth rate of money supply (M2) leads to 48.46% decrease in the economic growth rate of Lao PDR. Similarly, 1% increase in the inflation rate (INF) results in 44.95% reduction in economic growth, both with a statistical confidence level of 99%. The test of the short-term relationship among variables showed that the coefficient of the Error Correction Term (ECT) was -0.0796141, indicating a negative value with 99% statistical confidence, suggesting that within a year, the economic growth rate (GDP) and other variables adjust by 7.96% towards the long-term equilibrium when deviating from it. Lastly, the stability test of the model using the CUSUM and CUSUMSQ methods indicated that the model remained stable throughout the study period.
The Factors Affecting Change in the Household Economics Structure in Luang Prabang City
The Research on the economic structure of households in LuangPrabang city this research aims to: 1) analyze the economic structure of households in LuangPrabang city and 2) study factors affecting changes in the economic structure of households in LuangPrabang city. This research method used a quantitative study method using closed-ended and open-ended questionnaires to collect data from a sample of 318 households. Descriptive statistics including frequency values ​​and percentages and inferential statistics including multiple regression with the ordinary least squares method were used to analyze the data using the statistical data analysis program SPSS version 27. The results found that: 1) Analyzing the household economic structure in LuangPrabang city, the household income structure of the Mano people is mainly from personal businesses. The household consumption expenditure structure of the Mano people is expenditure on food, beverages, and alcoholic beverages. The household savings structure of the Mano people found that household savings accounted for a relatively large proportion and were mostly intended for saving for daily use. In terms of the household debt structure of the Mano people, it was found that there was still a considerable amount of household debt from other sources (Share). And 2) Factors affecting changes in the household economic structure in LuangPrabang city found that household income is an important variable and has the greatest impact on changes in the household economic structure because consumption, savings, and debt are all caused by household income being too little or too much, sufficient or insufficient for consumption.
An Analysis of the Consistency of Discrete Mathematics Content in the Teacher Education Curriculum with the Actual Needs of Lower Secondary Mathematics Instruction
This study employs a Mixed Methods Research design with three primary objectives were to: 1) investigate the Discrete Mathematics content taught at Savannakhet Teacher Training College; 2) assess the content needs and pedagogical skills required for lower secondary mathematics instruction; and 3) analyze the consistency of the Discrete Mathematics curriculum relative to actual instructional requirements. The sample consisted of 15 mathematics teachers from Savannakhet Teacher Training College and 60 mathematics teachers who graduated from teacher training colleges and are currently teaching in secondary schools within Savannakhet and Khammouane provinces. The research instruments included document analysis of the curriculum, a Likert scale questionnaire, and semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, consistency index and content analysis. The findings revealed that: 1) The Discrete Mathematics content in the teacher education curriculum emphasizes comprehensive fundamental theories, yet its integration into practical classroom application remains limited; 2) The actual needs of teachers are at the highest level for both Subject Matter Knowledge (SMK), particularly in fundamental number systems ( = 4.81, SD = 0.45), and Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK), specifically regarding the ability to address student misconceptions ( = 4.77, SD = 0.50); 3) The overall consistency index was high (CI = 0.78); however, the integration of SMK into PCK demonstrated the lowest consistency (CI = 0.65). Consequently, the study recommends increasing activities that focus on developing Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) skills to effectively bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and professional practice.
The Relationship Between Quality of work life and Organizational Commitment of Government Staff. A Case Study: The Department Sector in Luang Prabang Province
At present, for any organization to achieve success according to its goals and objectives, it must rely on many important factors. In particular, human resources are considered a key factor that enables the organization to operate efficiently. They also serve as a vital driving force for the organization’s development and for moving forward toward its established goals. This study aims to: 1) investigate the level of quality of work life among civil servants in the provincial departments of Luang Prabang Province; 2) assess the level of organizational commitment among these civil servants; and 3) examine the relationship between quality of work life factors and organizational commitment within this population. The sample comprised 384 civil servants employed across various provincial departments in Luang Prabang Province. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, with responses measured on a 5-point rating scale. Statistical analyses employed in this study included frequency, percentage, mean (), standard deviation (SD), and Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) to determine the relationships between variables. The findings of the study revealed the following: 1) The overall quality of work life among the civil servants was found to be at a high level (Mean = 3.73, SD = 0.53). 2) The overall level of organizational commitment among the civil servants was also determined to be high (Mean = 3.80, SD = 0.48). 3) A moderate correlation (r = 0.41 – 0.60) was observed between organizational commitment and the following quality of work life factors: fair and adequate compensation, a safe and health-promoting work environment, and work-life balance. Furthermore, a strong correlation (r = 0.61 – 0.80) was identified between organizational commitment and factors such as employee capacity building, career advancement and professional development, teamwork and interpersonal relations, personal rights and workplace democracy, and the social relevance of the work.
Early Marriage Situation of Ethnic Adolescent Girls in Xiengnguen District, Luang Prabang Province
This study intended to investigate the situation of economic, education, culture and attitude of ethnic adolescent girls, parents, local customary law leaders and village authorities toward early marriage among Hmong and Khmu ethnic groups in Xiengnguen District, Luang Prabang Province, Data and information were collected via semi-structured interviews questionnaires, by using purposive sampling targeted a total of 44 samplings. The quantitative data were analyzed by using Microsoft Excel and SPSS program in percentage and the qualitative information was consolidated from all responses. The key findings revealed that most adolescent girls viewed early marriage as a way to pursue independence and a better life. Anyhow, getting marriage at young age has tendency to have many children, put girls’ health at risks and trapped in poverty. evidence indicated that all ethnic adolescent girls in the two target villages relied on doing farming, their average annual income was approximately 27 million Lao Kip and was insufficient for the basic needs, In summary, parents, customary leaders, and village authorities strongly reject early marriage notion, viewing it as an inappropriate practice that fails to preserve cultural tradition. Moreover, it was not aligned with with Lao PDR legal frameworks, the findings also highlighted that early marriage imposes significant burdens to the family and put substantial anxiety for both parents and parent-in laws.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Bio-Compost Mixed with Cassava Leaves and Stems
This study aimed to investigate the physical and chemical properties of bio-compost mixed with cassava leaves and stems at different mixing ratios. The experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of four treatments with three replications. The composting materials included cassava leaves and stems, rice husk, rice bran, and cow manure. The treatment compositions were as follows: T1= (33.3: 33.3: 33.3: 25), T2= (50: 25: 25: 25), T3 = (60: 20: 20: 25), and T4 = (66: 17: 17: 25). The compost was prepared according to the Nam Theun 2 Dam Project protocol. Cassava leaves and stems were ground and mixed with compost at different ratios of ground cassava leave and stem. After 30 days of composting, samples were collected and analyzed for physical properties (moisture content) and chemical properties including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P₂O₅), potassium (K₂O), carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N), and organic matter (OM). Data were analyzed using Minitab 16.0 with a 95% significance level (p ≤ 0.05). The results showed significant differences among treatments (p≤ 0.05), except for pH, which showed no significant difference. Moisture content ranged from 65.54% to 71.85%. The highest EC value was observed in T4 (918.37 µS/cm), while T1 recorded the lowest (537.27 µS/cm). Total nitrogen content was highest in T3 (9.42%), followed by T4 (8.90%) and T2(8.74%). Phosphorus (P₂O₅) content was highest in T1 (0.56%) and lowest in T4 (0.34%). The highest potassium (K₂O) level was found in T2 (2.25%), while the lowest C/N ratio was observed in T4 (0.94%). Organic matter content was highest in T2 (21.34%). The germination index (GI) of treatment T2 was 115.3%, which is higher than the compost quality standard of 80%. This result indicates that the compost was mature and free of phytotoxic effects. Therefore, finding suggests that mixing cassava leaves and stems at appropriate ratio can enhance nutrient content and improve the overall quality of organic bio compost.
The Effects of Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership on Trade Openness of Lao PDR
This article aims to empirically investigate if the addition of infrastructure and FDI as control variables change the estimated coefficients for trade openness by RCEP (Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership). Using the time series data from 2006 to 2024 and applying robust Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimation method, this article analyses how regionalization supported by domestic structural features is impacting Laos trade performance. The findings reveal that being an RCEP member promotes trade openness, referring to regional trade liberalization toward Laos’s deeper integration into the world economy. Trade openness is similarly positively associated with infrastructure and foreign direct investment in an economy. Yet if the combined effort of these two elements leads them to operate negatively, it means that both their benefits drop when excessive even when not jointly designed in policy. We present diagnostics that indicate the regression model is consistent with some key econometric assumptions. Its value of R-squared =0.8718 indicates its strong explanatory power. The results support Infrastructure-based and Endogenous Growth Theories, demonstrating the value of implementing national reforms consistent with regional trading agreements. Policy implications emphasize the importance of coordinated policies on infrastructure investment, FDI invitation and trade facilitation in order to maximize potential benefits from RCEP. The study contributes to the understanding of how regional economic integration could help enhance trade openness in small landlocked developing economies, and has potential powerful policy implications and lessons for interested policy makers and researchers in the area of sustainable regionalism.
Enhancing the Security Efficiency of the Souphanouvong University Journal Website
This research is a study on the security of the Souphanouvong University Journal website with the aim of testing security checks, detecting flaws and vulnerabilities. The current problem is that the Souphanouvong University Journal website is in an insecure mode, which is at high risk of being hacked or attacked by hackers. Each time you access the website, you will be forced to view the website in an insecure mode, which may cause damage to personal information and lead to attacks on financial transactions. The research method is to analyze the structure of the website, check the SSL/TLS in use, check the Key Certificate, Security Certificate, Server version, and use Command Line commands and advanced programs to detect flaws and vulnerabilities on the website. Through research, we can conclude that: The website code still has weaknesses, SSL/TLS has not been upgraded, the Key Certificate has expired, the Security Certificate has expired, the Server version does not have Secure. Http Only, there are 13 ports open in low security mode, and there are 6 ports with a high risk of being easily attacked. The way to fix and protect the website for security is to update the Source Code with weaknesses, Upgrade SSL/TLS to Version 1.3, Update Key Certificate, Update Security Certificate, Close ports with low security and no services, Install Web Application Firewall, create a security monitoring table, Backup and update the system.
Application of Lime as a Natural Ingredient in Dishwashing Liquid Formulation
This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical properties, sensory acceptance, of lime-based dishwashing detergents formulated using different recipes. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four formulations (F1, F2, F3, F4), three replications were used. Physiochemical properties (pH value, foam retention time, and foam stability) and sensory evaluation were evaluated. The results revealed that pH values ranged from 8.36 to 8.76, with the highest value was observed in F1 (8.76), followed by F2 (8.67), while the F4 showed the lowest pH value (8.36). Foam retention time was found as longest in F1 (50 min), followed by F4 (42.33 min). However, F3 obtained shortest foam retention time with 21 min. Foam stability was highest in F3 (100%), followed by F4 (86%), F1 (84.58%), and F2 (76.66%). Sensory evaluation was conducted with 30 panelists using 5-point hedonic scale. Most panelists were female (53.3%), aged 16-30 years (43.3%), with a monthly income of 2,000,000 – 4,000,000 LAK (50%). Among formulas, F4 received the highest sensory scores across all attributes overall liking, color, odor, viscosity, foam, cleaning efficiency, and after-washing feel with mean score ranging from 4.4 to 4.6. Overall product acceptance and purchase intention reached 100%, indicating strong consumer acceptance and high market potential for lime-based dishwashing liquid.
Factors Influencing the Approval of Credit at Banque Pour le Commerce Extérieur Lao Public (BCEL)
The objective of this study is to analyze the key factors influencing credit approval decisions at BCEL using the 5C’s framework. A quantitative method was employed with a sample of 136 credit officers from BCEL. Data were collected using a questionnaire, and the results were analyzed using SPSS. The results have shown that the majority of respondents were male, with most falling within the age range of 31–40 years old. In terms of professional position, more than half were employed as professional credit staff. Educational attainment was predominantly at the bachelor’s degree level, and a large proportion of respondents were married. Income distribution revealed that over half of the respondents earned between 13,000,001 and 18,000,000 kip per month. Regarding academic specialization, nearly half had graduated in the field of finance and banking. These demographic factors highlight that BCEL’s credit officers are largely experienced professionals in their early to mid‑career stage, with strong educational backgrounds and stable family and financial circumstances. Analysis of the 5C’s framework revealed that Character and Capacity were the most influential factors in credit approval decisions, followed by Capital and Conditions, reflecting both qualitative and quantitative considerations. These findings highlight the importance of borrower reliability and repayment ability, while also underscoring the role of capital strength and external conditions in risk assessment. Overall, the study demonstrates that credit officers’ decisions are shaped by a balance of personal attributes, financial capacity, and institutional risk management policies, offering insights into lending practices within the BCEL.
The Analysis of Rainfall and Surface Runoff in Nam Lik Watershed, Vientiane Province
This study aims to 1) analyze daily rainfall by creating 24-hour rainfall lines, and 2) estimate surface runoff in the Nam Lik Watershed of ​​Vientiane Province. The study used 4 rainfall measurement stations: Kasi, Vang Vieng, Hin Heup, and Phon Hong, with 15 years of data to analyze the maximum rainfall in the annual cycle and create a 24-hour rainfall distribution layer. In addition, this data was used to estimate the daily surface runoff in the Nam Lik Watershed. Using three methods to calculate Log Person Type III, Gumbel method with calculation and Gumbel method with graph, and to evaluate the appropriate parameter values ​​for estimating surface runoff using the SWAT Model. The results of found that the distribution of daily rainfall intensity is in Vang Vieng, with an average daily rainfall between 11.57-12.87 mm/day, and the average daily rainfall distribution at Kasi and Hin Heup stations is between 6.29-6.99 mm/day. From the analysis of the maximum rainfall that can occur in the duplication trend year periods. of the rainfall measuring stations near the Nam Lik Watershed, 3 calculation theories. From the calculation results, it is seen that the maximum rainfall occurs in the duplication trend year periods. The Vang Vieng rainfall measuring station is not much different compared to the three stations near the Nam Lik Watershed, and the rainfall intensity increases with the duplication trend in yearly periods. The runoff volume estimation at Nam Lik Watershed show that the values ​​of R2, NSE that formulated from chaning an actual value of water flow volume and the model measured at Vangvieng and Hin Heup rainfall station found that R2 = 0.74, NSE = 0.72, R2 = 0.57, NSE = 0.52, the highest daily runoff volume is 945 m3/s at Vanvieng station, the lowest dialy flow volume is 7.25 m3/s, and the average dialy flow volume is 85.98 m3/s. The highest daily runoff volume at Hin Heup station is 2,593 m3/s, the lowest daily flow volume is 3.75 m3/s, and the average daily flow volume is 187.53 m3/s. The highest dialy runoff volume at Num Lik Outlet is 5,024 m3/s, the lowest dialy flow volume is 2.58 m3/s, and the average dialy flow volume is 313.21 m3/s.